Fig. 1

Pathological transmission of α-syn blocked by small molecule inhibitors, antibodies, and nanobodies. The right illustrates bindings of small molecules to specific cell-surface receptors of α-syn, inhibiting α-syn binding and internalization. Extracellular α-syn aggregates can be limited and reduced by exogenously introduced antibodies and nanobodies, providing viable therapeutics to halting neurodegeneration. The left demonstrates unregulated α-syn transmission from cell to cell [9, 64,65,66].