Fig. 10

Therapeutic strategies targeting the CHI3L1/IL13Rα2 pathway in the tumor microenvironment involve the use of blocking antibodies or inhibitors. Immunosuppressive macrophages, activated by PD-L1/PD-1 signaling, induce CHI3L1 expression in tumor cells, leading to the activation of naive macrophages and promoting the accumulation of immunosuppressive macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. This accumulation fuels tumor progression