Table 1 Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Lewy body diseases

Parkinson’s disease

 Constipation

20–89%

Impaired colonic motility due to vagal and ENS dysfunction

[3, 21]

 Gastroparesis

45–90%

Impaired gastric motility and pyloric sphincter relaxation due to vagal and ENS dysfunction

[22,23,24]

 Dysphagia

9–77%

Impaired esophageal motility

[25, 26]

 Sialorrhea

75%

Dysphagia

[27, 28]

 Bloating

54%

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) due to reduced intestinal transit, and malabsorption and constipation

[29, 30]

Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB)

 Constipation

Insufficient data

Insufficient data but likely due to impaired ENS function

[13]

 Gastroparesis

Insufficient data

Insufficient data

 Dysphagia

90%

[31]

Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD)

 Constipation

Insufficient data to distinguish from PD

Impaired colonic motility due to vagal and ENS dysfunction

 Gastroparesis

Insufficient data to distinguish from PD

Impaired gastric motility and pyloric sphincter relaxation due to vagal and ENS dysfunction

 Dysphagia

Up to 100%

Impaired esophageal motility

[31]