Fig. 3
From: Peripheral and central neuroimmune mechanisms in Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis
Dysregulation of immune factors in AD pathogenesis. In AD, compromised BBB integrity facilitates the entry of multiple immune factors, including pro-inflammatory cytokines, APOE4, B2M, TREM2, and CD22, into the CNS. These molecules play crucial roles in modulating neuroinflammation, maintaining BBB integrity, and regulating Aβ uptake and degradation. Elucidating the mechanisms associated with the dysregulation of immune factors in AD is essential for developing targeted immunomodulatory therapies.