Fig. 1

Proposed bidirectional and cyclical relationship between altered immune activation and glycolytic reprogramming in PD. This figure presents a schematic overview of factors which contribute to dysregulated immune function and increased glycolytic activity in the context of PD. Exposure to immune stimuli causes pro-glycolytic reprogramming in both central and peripheral immune cell subtypes. Interventions and underlying deficits which increase cellular utilization of glycolytic pathways have been shown to prime enhanced pro-inflammatory responses to secondary insults. These elements combine to create a feed-forwards cycle that contribute to dopaminergic neuron loss in PD. Abbreviations: lipopolysaccharide (LPS); tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Created with BioRender.com