Table 1 Rodent models of TBI

Controlled cortical impact (CCI)

5.0 m/s speed

100 ms dwell

1.5 mm depth

hTau mice (5–7 months)

pSer199, pSer202/Thr205 (AT8), pSer214, pSer262/Ser356, pSer396/Ser404 (PHF-1)

Synapsin, Synaptophysin, PSD-95, NeuN, GFAP

[218]

3.5 m/s speed

500 ms dwell

2.0 mm depth

Sprague Dawley rats

(3–4 months)

pThr175, pThr231, PAD (TNT1)

pTyr216-GSK3β, GFAP, Iba1

[135, 219]

5.0 m/s speed

100 ms dwell

2.0 mm depth

3xTg-AD mice (6 months)

APP/PS1 mice (2 months)

P301L-Tau mice

(6 months)

Total tau, pSer199, pSer396/Ser404 (PHF-1)

Aβ

[220]

3.5 m/s speed

100 ms dwell

2.0 mm depth

C57BL/6 mice (2–3 months)

pThr205, pSer262, pSer404

APP, NeuN

[221]

1.0 mm depth (mild)

1.5 mm depth (mild-moderate)

2.0 mm (moderate)

3xTg-AD mice (5–7 months)

pSer199, pSer202/Thr205 (AT8), pSer212/Thr214 (AT100), pThr231, pSer396, pSer422

Aβ, Aβ₄₂, Aβ₄₀, APP

[222]

3.5 m/s speed

1.0 mm depth (mild)

1.5 mm depth (mild-moderate)

2.0 mm (moderate)

Sprague Dawley rats

Cleaved tau-7

[223]

Fluid percussion injury (FPI)

4.8 kg steel pendulum

Sprague

Dawley rats

pSer202/Thr205 (AT8), pThr231 (AT180), Oligomeric tau (T22)

[224]

3.0 atm pressure

Long-Evans rats

(3 months)

pSer198, pSer262

PP2 A

[225]

1.0 atm pressure

hTau mice

(2 months)

pThr231 (AT180)

CD45, CD68

[226]

Weight drop

400 g weight

2.5 cm height

C57BL/6 mice (2–3 months)

pThr231

NeuN

[227]

82 kPa (peak overpressure)

71 kPa (maximal impulse)

C57BL/6 mice (2 months)

pThr181 (AT270)

Silver stain

[228]

17–22 psi

Sprague Dawley rats

Oligomeric tau (T22)

[229]

Blast

108.9 kPa

15.8 psi

C57BL/6 mice (3–4 months)

pSer202, pSer396, pThr181, pSer212/Thr214 (AT100), Cleaved tau (TauC3)

SOD2, GFAP

[230]

77 ± 2 kPa

4.8 ms duration

1.26 Ma

C57BL/6 mice (2.5 months)

pThr181 (AT270), pSer202 (CP-13), pSer199, pThr205

GFAP, SMI-31

[27]

Repetitive TBI

5x

3.5 m/s speed

500 ms dwell

1.0 mm depth

C57BL/6 mice (2–2.5 months)

pSer202/Thr205 (AT8)

APP, GFAP, Iba1, TNF-α, IL-6, PSD-95, Synaptophysin

[231]

2x/week (3 or 4 weeks)

5.0 m/s speed

200 ms dwell

1.0 mm depth

hTau mice (4 months)

pThr231, Oligomeric tau (TOC 1)

APP, GFAP, Iba1

[232]

1x, 3x, 5x

54 g weight

96 cm height

3xTg-AD mice (2–4 months)

pSer262/Thr263, pThr181

GFAP, S100β, CD68, TMEM119, Aβ₄₀, Aβ₄₂, NeuN, IL-1, IL-9, IL-17, pAft2, pMek1/2

[233]

7x

54 g weight

28 in height

C57BL/6 mice (2–3 months)

cis pThr231 tau

[207]

5x

50 g weight

15 cm height

C57BL/6 mice (2–3 months)

pSer202/Thr205 (AT8), pThr231 (AT180)

GFAP, Iba1, TDP-43, MBP

[234]