Table 2 Summary of major lipid changes in human AD brain
Lipid class | Species | Analytical technique | Sample description | Region | Change |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ceramide | Total | LC-MS/MS | 15AD vs. 16Ct | Neocortex | Up[136] |
24:0 and GalCer | ESI-MS | 7AD vs. 7Ct | MFG | Up[138] | |
C16:0, C22:0, C24:1 | ESI/MS/MS | 30AD vs. 26Ct | MFG-WM | Down[137] | |
Total | HPLC | 9AD vs. 6Ct | RWP | Up[132] | |
Total | ESI-MS/MS | 19AD vs. 9Ct | FC | Up[134] | |
Total | MDMS-SL | 17AD vs. 5Ct | GM, WM | Up[131] | |
Total | DESI-MSI | 7AD vs. 8Ct | ERC, MTG | Up[135] | |
Sphingomyelin | C24:0 | ESI-MS | 7AD vs. 7Ct | MFG | Down[138] |
Total | HPLC | 9AD vs. 6Ct | RWP | Down[132] | |
Total | LC-MS/MS | 15AD vs. 16Ct | Neocortex | Up[136] | |
Total | LC-MS | 10AD vs. 10Ct | ERC | Up[238] | |
Total | NMR | 45AD vs. 11Ct | GM | Up[140] | |
C16:0, C18:0, C22:0 and C24:0 | ESI/MS/MS | 30AD vs. 26Ct | MFG-GM | Up[137] | |
Sphingosine | Total | HPLC | 9AD vs. 6Ct | RWP | Up[132] |
S1P | Total | HPLC | 9AD vs. 6Ct | RWP | Down[132] |
Total | LC-MS/MS | 9AD vs. 9Ct | HP, IT-GM | Down[145] | |
C1P | Total | LC-MS/MS | 6AD vs. 6Ct | CC | Up[147] |
Cerebroside | Total | MDMS-SL | AD vs. Ct (total 22) | CC | Stable[131] |
Total | HPTLC | 33AD vs. 20Ct | PFC | Down[148] | |
2OH-GalCer | LC-MS/MS | AD vs. Ct | HP | Up[149] | |
Ganglioside | d20:1/C18:0 | MALDI-TOF MS | AD vs. Ct | HP-GM | Down[152] |
Total | HPTLC | 33AD vs. 20Ct | PFC | Down[148] | |
Total | HPTLC | AD vs. Ct | FC | Up[153] | |
GM3 | LC-MS | 10AD vs. 10Ct | ERC | Up[238] | |
Sulfatide | Total | MDMS-SL | 17AD vs. 5Ct | GM, WM | Down[131] |
Total | MALDI-MSI | 15AD vs. 5Ct | FC | Down[162] | |
Total | HPTLC | 33AD vs. 20Ct | PFC | Down[148] | |
Total | HPLC | 20AD vs. 9Ct | PFC | Down[163] | |
Total | ESI/MS/MS | 30AD vs. 26Ct | MFG-WM | Down[137] | |
Cholesterol | Total | ESI-MS | 7AD vs. 7Ct | MFG | Up[138] |
CE | LC-MS | 10AD vs. 10Ct | ERC | Up[238] | |
CE | LC-MS/MS | 15AD vs. 16Ct | Neocortex | Up[136] | |
Total | ESI/MS/MS | 30AD vs. 26Ct | MFG-GM | Up[137] | |
Glycerolipids | DAG | LC-MS | 10AD vs. 10Ct | PFC | Up[238] |
DAG | LC-MS/MS | 15AD vs. 16Ct | Neocortex | Up[136] | |
TAG | LC-MS/MS | 15AD vs. 16Ct | Neocortex | Up[136] | |
Phospholipids | PA | NMR | 45AD vs. 11Ct | GM | Down[140] |
PC | HPLC | 10AD vs. 10Ct | FC | Down[210] | |
PC | HPLC-GC | 15AD vs. 13Ct | FC, HP | Down[215] | |
PE | HPLC | 10AD vs. 10Ct | FC | Down[210] | |
PE | HPLC-GC | 15AD vs. 13Ct | FC, HP | Down[215] | |
PE | NMR | 45AD vs. 11Ct | GM | Down[140] | |
PE (p-18:0/18:1) | LC-MS/MS | 15AD vs. 16Ct | Neocortex | Down[136] | |
PI | LC-MS/MS | 15AD vs. 16Ct | Neocortex | Down[136] | |
PI | NMR | 45AD vs. 11Ct | GM | Down[140] | |
PI(4,5)P2 | HPLC and LC-MS | 15AD vs. 12Ct | PFC | Down[239] | |
PI3P | HPLC and LC-MS | 15AD vs. 12Ct | PFC, ERC | Down[239] | |
PS (18:1/18:2) & (14:0/22:6) | LC-MS/MS | 15AD vs. 16Ct | Neocortex | Down[136] | |
Plasmalogen | HPLC-GC | 15AD vs. 13 Ct | FC, HP | Altered acyl-chain[215] | |
Plasmalogen | ESI-MS | 6AD vs. 6Ct | GM, WM | Down[216] | |
Plasmalogen | MDMS-SL | 17AD vs. 5Ct | GM, WM | Down[131] | |
Lyso-PC | LC-ESI-MS | 4AD vs. 4Ct | ERC | Up[225] | |
Lyso-PC | FIA-MS/MS | 35AD vs. 36Ct | FC | Stable[227] | |
Lyso-PC | LC-MS/MS | 6AD vs. 6Ct | CC | Up[224] | |
Lyso-PE | ESI-MS/MS | 5AD vs. 5Ct | CC-WM | Up[226] | |
Lyso-PE | LC-MS/MS | 6AD vs. 6Ct | CC | Stable[224] | |
BMP | LC-MS | 10AD vs. 10Ct | ERC | Up[238] | |
Lyso-PG | LC-MS/MS | 6AD vs. 6Ct | CC | Up[224] |